Commercial Air Law Study Notes

A study guide for Commercial Pilot Air Law. The syllabus taken from AC61-5 Subject 16 CPL Air Law with links to the relevant information from the rules.

Subject No. 16 CPL Air Law (Aeroplane and Helicopter)

Describe the requirements to hold an aviation document, as laid down in CA Act 1990 S7.
Describe the criteria for the fit and proper person test, as laid down in CA Act 1990 S10.
Describe the duties of the pilot-in-command, as laid down in CA Act 1990 S13 and 13A.
Describe the responsibilities of a licence holder with respect to changes in their medical condition, as laid down in CA Act 1990 S27.
Describe the responsibilities of a licence holder with respect to the surrender of a medical certificate as laid down in CA Act 1990 S27.
Describe the responsibilities of a licence holder with respect to safety offences, as laid down in CA Act 1990 S43 and 44.

Definitions

CAR Part 1 (unless otherwise noted)

State the definition of:

Abbreviations

CAR Part 1 (unless otherwise noted) State the meaning of the following abbreviations:

(a) AD;

Personnel Licensing

16.10 Requirements for Licences and Ratings

State the requirements for holding a pilot licence. CAR 61
State the requirements for a pilot-in-command to hold a type rating on the type of aircraft being flown. CAR 61
State the requirements for entering flight details into a pilot logbook. CAR 61

Eligibility, Privileges and Limitations

Describe the allowance for a person who does not hold a current pilot licence to fly dual with a flying instructor. CAR 61
State the solo flight requirements on a person who does not hold a current pilot licence. CAR 61
State the limitations on a person who does not hold a current pilot licence. CAR 61
State the eligibility requirements for the issue of a commercial pilot licence. CAR 61
State the privileges of holding a commercial pilot licence. CAR 61
State the limitations on the holder of a commercial pilot licence. CAR 61

Competency, Currency and Recency

State the recent experience requirements of a pilot-in-command, by day and by night, who is the holder of a commercial pilot licence. CAR 61
State the requirements for the completion of a biennial flight review. CAR 61
Explain the use of a lower licence or rating. CAR 61
State the period within which a pilot-in-command of an aircraft engaged on an air operation under CAR Part 135 must have passed a check of route and aerodrome proficiency.
State the period within which a pilot, acting as a flight crew member of an aircraft engaged on a CAR Part 135 air operation under VFR, must have passed a check of normal, abnormal and emergency procedures in the same aircraft type.
State the period within which a pilot of an aircraft engaged on an air operation under CAR Part 135 must have completed a written or oral test of their knowledge in aircraft systems, performance and operating procedures.
State the CAR Part 135 crew member grace provisions.

Medical Requirements

State the requirements for holding a medical certificate. CAR 61
State the requirements on a person applying for a medical certificate. CAR 67
State the requirements for maintaining medical fitness following the issue of a medical certificate. CA Act 1990 S27C
State the normal currency period of the Class 1 medical certificate for a CPL holder who is under the age of 40. CAR 67
State the normal currency period of the Class 1 medical certificate for a CPL holder who is 40 years of age or more on the date that the certificate is issued. CAR 67

Airworthiness of Aircraft and Aircraft Equipment

Documentation

State the documents which must be carried in aircraft operated in New Zealand. CAR 91

16.22 Aircraft Maintenance

Describe the maintenance requirements of an aircraft operator. CAR 91
State the requirement for annual and 100 hour inspections. CAR 91
State the requirement for a review of airworthiness. CAR 91
State the requirements for maintenance records. CAR 91
State the requirements for the retention of maintenance records. CAR 91
State the requirements for and contents of a technical log. CAR 91
State the requirements for entering defects into a technical log. CAR 91
State the requirements for clearing defects from a technical log. CAR 91
State the limitations and requirements on a person undertaking pilot maintenance. CAR 43
State the requirements for conducting an operational flight check on an aircraft. CAR 91
State the requirements for acting as a test pilot. CAR 19
State the inspection period for radios. CAR 91
State the inspection period for altimeters. CAR 91
State the inspection period for transponders. CAR 91
State the normal inspection period for the ELT. CAR 91

Instruments and Avionics

State the minimum instrument requirements for a day VFR flight. CAR 91
State the minimum instrument requirements for a night VFR flight. CAR 91
State the radio equipment requirements for a VFR flight. CAR 91
State the communications and navigation equipment requirements for a VFR over water flight. CAR 91

Equipment

State the equipment requirements for a night VFR flight. CAR 91
State the equipment requirements for flight over water. CAR 91 & 135
State the requirements for indicating the time in flight. CAR 91
State the requirements for emergency equipment. CAR 91 & 135
State the requirements for night flight. CAR 91
State the CAR Part 135 requirements for night flight.
State the CAR Part 135 requirements for a cockpit voice recorder.
State the CAR Part 135 requirements for a flight data recorder.
State the requirements for an ELT. CAR 91

General Operating and Flight Rules

General Operating Requirements

Describe the requirements of passengers to comply with instructions and commands. CAR 91
Explain the requirements for maintaining daily flight records. CAR 91
Explain the requirements for the carriage of flight attendants. CAR 91
State the requirements for operating an aircraft in simulated instrument flight. CAR 91
State the requirements of a pilot-in-command with respect to the safe operation of an aircraft. CAR 91
Describe the authority of the pilot-in-command. CAR 91
State the requirements for crew occupation of seats and wearing safety belts. CAR 91
State the requirements for the occupation of seats and wearing of restraints. CAR 91
State the requirements for the use of oxygen equipment. CAR 91
State the requirements for briefing passengers prior to flight. CAR 91
State the requirements for familiarity with operating limitations and emergency equipment. CAR 91
State the requirements for carrying appropriate aeronautical publications and charts in flight. CAR 91
State the requirements for operating on and in the vicinity of an aerodrome. CAR 91
Describe the standard overhead joining procedure, and state when it should be used. AIP AD
State and describe the application of the right of way rules. CAR 91 Explain the requirement for aircraft lighting. CAR 91
State the requirements for the pilot of an aircraft, being flown for the purpose of demonstrating eligibility for the issue of an airworthiness certificate. CAR 91
State the requirements for wearing/holding identity documentation in certain areas. CAR 19

General Operating Restrictions

State the restrictions on smoking in an aircraft. CA Act 1990 S65N
State the restrictions associated with the abuse of drugs and alcohol. CAR 91 and CAR 19
State the restrictions on the use of portable electronic devices in flight. CAR 91
State the restrictions on the carriage and discharge of firearms on aircraft. CAR 91
Explain the restrictions on stowage of carry-on baggage. CAR 91
Explain the restrictions on the carriage of cargo. CAR 91
State the restrictions applicable to aircraft flying near other aircraft. CAR 91
State the restrictions on the dropping of objects from an aircraft in flight. CAR 91
State the speed limitation on aircraft operating under VFR. CAR 91
State the minimum heights for VFR flights (A) or (H) under CAR Part 91.
State the restrictions when operating VFR in icing conditions. CAR 91
State the restrictions applicable to operating an aircraft in aerobatic flight. CAR 91
State the restrictions applicable to parachute-drop operations. CAR 91
State the restrictions applicable to aircraft towing gliders. CAR 91
State the restrictions applicable to aircraft towing objects other than gliders. CAR 91

General Meteorological Requirements and Restrictions

State the met minima for VFR flight (A) or (H) in various airspace. CAR 91
State the restrictions and met minima for Special VFR flight (A) or (H). CAR 91

Carriage of Dangerous Goods

Describe the limitation of CAR Part 92 with respect to members of the Police.
Describe the allowance for the carriage of dangerous good for the recreational use of passengers. CAR 92
State the restriction for the carriage of dangerous goods in an aircraft cabin occupied by passengers, or on the flight deck of an aircraft. CAR 92
State the requirements for the carriage of non-dangerous goods in an aircraft. CAR 92
State the requirement for the notification of the pilot-in-command when dangerous goods are carried. CAR 92
State the requirement for a dangerous goods training programme. CAR 92
State the dangerous goods recurrent training programme requirements. CAR 92

Helicopter External Load Operations (Helicopter candidates only)

State the definition of:

(a) helicopter external load operation;
(b) helicopter external load towing operation;
(c) helicopter sling load operation; and,
(d) OGE. CAR 133

State the pilot licence requirements for performing a helicopter external load operation. CAR 133
Describe the minimum height requirements when performing a helicopter external load operation. CAR 133
State the restrictions on the carriage of persons inside a helicopter on a helicopter external load towing operation. CAR 133
State the restrictions on the carriage of persons inside a helicopter on a helicopter sling load operation. CAR 133
State the restrictions on the carriage of persons inside a helicopter on a winching, rappelling, or human sling load operation. CAR 133
State the third party risk restrictions when carrying a load suspended beneath a helicopter. CAR 133
State the weight limitation for a helicopter performing a helicopter external load operation. CAR 133
State the flight rules restriction for a helicopter performing a helicopter external load operation. CAR 133
Describe the restrictions on helicopter external load operations at night. CAR 133
Describe the flight characteristics requirements for a helicopter performing a helicopter external load operation. CAR 133
Explain the requirements for performing a helicopter external load operation over congested areas. CAR 133
Describe the general requirements for performing an operation involving the suspension of a person beneath a helicopter. CAR 133
State the requirements for performing a helicopter winch operation. CAR 133
State the requirements for the carriage of an injured person beneath a helicopter in a harness or stretcher. CAR 133
State the requirements for performing a helicopter rappelling operation. CAR 133
Explain the requirements for the carriage of a supplementary crew member on a helicopter performing a helicopter external load operation. CAR 133
Explain the requirements for ensuring crew member competency to carryout winching, rappelling, or human sling load operations. CAR 133
Describe the external load equipment requirements on a helicopter performing a helicopter external load operation. CAR 133
Describe the requirements for quick release devices on a helicopter performing a helicopter external load operation. CAR 133
Explain the requirements for the maintenance of external load equipment. CAR 133

Air Operations

Air Operations Crew Requirements

State the CAR Part 135 crew qualification and experience requirements.
State the CAR Part 135 flight and duty time limitations on flight crew members.
State the normal minimum rest period required following any duty period. AC119-2
State the maximum number of flight hours that a pilot may fly as crew in an aircraft which carries two pilots on an internal air operation. AC119-2

Air Operations Requirements and Restrictions

State the airworthiness requirements for aircraft used on air operations. CAR 135
State the CAR Part 135 minimum heights for VFR flights.
State the CAR Part 135 operating restriction on single-engine air operations under IFR (SEIFR).
State the requirement to keep a daily flight record. CAR 135
State the CAR Part 135 requirement for a maintenance review.
State the CAR Part 135 requirement for passenger safety and the carriage of certain passengers.
State the CAR Part 135 restrictions when refuelling.
State the CAR Part 135 restrictions on the manipulation of an aircrafts controls.
State the CAR Part 135 requirement for helicopter operations over congested areas. (Helicopter candidates only)
State the restrictions on helicopter sling loads on an air operation. CAR 135 (Helicopter candidates only)

Air Operations Meteorological Requirements and Restrictions

State the CAR Part 135 meteorological conditions and requirements for an air operation under VFR.

Air Operations Performance Requirements

State the CAR Part 135 performance requirements for takeoff distance.
State the CAR Part 135 performance requirements for landing distance.
State the CAR Part 135 performance requirements for landing on wet and contaminated runways.
State the meaning of a performance-class 1 helicopter. CAR Part 1 (Helicopter candidates only)

Flight Planning and Preparation

Flight Preparation

Explain the requirements for the obtaining and considering relevant information prior to flight. CAR 91
Describe the publications and their content that provide operational route and aerodrome information.
Derive operational information from charts and publications that provide route and aerodrome information.

Fuel Requirements

State the fuel reserve (A) or (H) required for a day VFR flight. CAR 91
State the fuel reserve (A) or (H) required for a night VFR flight. CAR 91

Flight Plans

State the CAR Part 135 requirements for the filing of a flight plan.
State the requirements for the notification of changes to the filed flight plan. CAR 91
State the requirements for terminating a flight plan. CAR 91
Describe the difference between ETA and SARTIME. CAR 91
State the time search and rescue action would be initiated if a flight plan is not terminated before SARTIME. AIP ENR

Enroute Limitations

State the CAR Part 135 enroute limitations for two engine aeroplanes.

Air Traffic Services

Communications

Derive from operational publications, the required radio frequency for communicating with specified ATC units.
State the requirements for making position reports to an ATS unit. CAR 91 & AIP ENR
State the content of a VFR position report. AIP ENR
State the purpose of Universal Communications Services (UNICOM). AIP GEN
State the purpose of an Aerodrome Frequency Response Unit (AFRU). AIP GEN
State the purpose of Aerodrome and Weather Information Broadcasts (AWIB). AIP GEN
State the meaning of the various light signals from a control tower. CAR 91 & AIP AD
State the communications requirements when TIBA procedures are in force. AIP ENR

Clearances

State the requirements for complying with ATC clearances and instructions. CAR 91 & AIP ENR
State the requirements for coordinating with an aerodrome flight information service. CAR 91
State the requirements for receiving an ATC clearance prior to entering various types of airspace, and ground manoeuvring area. CAR 91 & AIP ENR
State the requirements for receiving an ATC clearance prior to re-entering controlled airspace. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

Separation

Describe the method of passing traffic information using the clock code.
Describe the situations where Air Traffic Control is responsible for the provision of separation between VFR, SVFR and IFR traffic. AIP ENR
Describe the situations where the pilot-in-command is responsible for maintaining separation from other traffic. AIP ENR
Describe the normal separation standards applied by ATC. AIP ENR
Describe the situations where the normal separation may be reduced. AIP ENR
State the wake turbulence separation requirements for light aircraft in non-radar environment. AIP AD

Radar Services

Describe the radar services available to VFR flights. AIP ENR

Global Navigation Satellite System

State the equipment required by aircraft within the New Zealand flight information region, using GPS as a primary means navigation system. CAR 19
State the actions required of pilots, using GPS equipment as a primary means navigation system, if system degradation occurs. CAR 19

Airspace, Aerodromes and Heliports

Altimetry

Explain the altimeter setting requirements for flight under VFR. CAR 91 & AIP ENR
State the procedure to use to obtain an altimeter setting when QNH is not available prior to takeoff and the requirement to obtain a QNH once in flight. AIP ENR
Describe QNH zones and state when zone QNH should be used. AIP ENR
Describe the transition altitude, layer and level. AIP ENR

Cruising Levels

State the altitude requirements when cruising VFR within the New Zealand FIR. CAR 91 & AIP ENR
Describe situations where ATC may assign cruising altitudes not in accordance with the VFR table of cruising altitudes. AIP ENR

Transponders

State the requirements for the operation of transponders within the New Zealand FIR. CAR 91 & AIP ENR
Describe the method of runway designation. AIP AD
Describe the movement area of an aerodrome. CAR 1
Describe the meaning of the various aerodrome ground signals.
Describe the procedures required of pilots operating transponders. AIP ENR
State the requirements and limitations on an aircraft operating under VFR in transponder mandatory airspace without an operating transponder. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

Airspace

State the rules pertaining to operating VFR in the various classes of airspace. CAR 91 & AIP ENR
Describe the vertical limits and purpose of control zones (CTR). CAR 71
Describe the vertical limits and purpose of control areas (CTA). CAR 71
State the status and conditions relating to flight in VFR transit lanes. AIP ENR
Describe the status and purpose of a general aviation area (GAA). CAR 91 & AIP ENR
Describe visual reporting points.
Describe the status of controlled airspace when ATC go off duty. AIP GEN
State the restrictions on operating an aircraft in a restricted area. CAR 91 & AIP ENR
State the restrictions on operating an aircraft in a military operating area (MOA). CAR 91 & AIP ENR
State the restrictions and operating considerations relating to operating an aircraft in a mandatory broadcast zone (MBZ). CAR 91 & AIP ENR
State the restrictions and operating considerations relating to operating an aircraft in a volcanic hazard zone (VHZ). CAR 91 & AIP ENR
State the restrictions and operating considerations relating to operating an aircraft in a danger area. CAR 91 & AIP ENR
State the restrictions and operating considerations relating to operating an aircraft in a designated low flying zone (LFZ). CAR 91 & AIP ENR
State the operating considerations relating to operating an aircraft in a common frequency zone (CFZ). AIP ENR
State the operating considerations relating to operating an aircraft over or close to temporary hazards/airspace. AIP ENR AIP ENR
Interpret airspace information on aeronautical charts used for VFR flights.

Aerodromes and Heliports

Describe the limitations on the use of a place as an aerodrome or heliport. CAR 91
Interpret information on aerodrome/heliport charts. AIP GEN & AIP Volume 4
Interpret runway, taxiway, apron, and stand signs and markings.

Aerodromes Lighting

Describe the lighting intensity classifications.
Describe the following lighting systems:

(a) Runway edge lighting (REDL);
(b) Runway landing threshold lighting (RTHL);
(c) Runway end lighting (RENL);
(d) Runway centreline lighting system (RCLL);
(e) Runway end identifier lighting (REIL);
(f) Circling guidance lighting (CGL);
(g) Runway lead in lighting (RLLS);
(h) Pilot activated lighting (PAL); and
(i) Precision approach path indicators (PAPI).

Describe aerodrome beacons.
Describe the indication of above, on and below slope for:

(a) PAPIs;
(b) VASIS; and
(c) T-V ASIS.

Emergencies; Incidents; and Accidents

Responsibilities of Operators and Pilots

State the requirement for the notification of accidents. CAR 12
State the requirement for the notification of incidents. CAR 12,
State the extent to which a pilot may deviate from the CA Act or rules in an emergency situation. CA Act 1990 S13A (2)
State the pilot action required following deviation from the CA Act or rules in an emergency situation. CA Act 1990 S13A (6)

Communications and Equipment

State the transponder code a pilot should set to indicate an emergency condition. AIP ENR
State the transponder code a pilot should set to indicate a loss of communications. AIP ENR
State the transponder code a pilot should set to indicate that the aircraft is being subjected to unlawful interference. AIP ENR
Describe the means by which ATC will verify the transmission of an emergency SSR transponder code. AIP ENR
Describe the use of the speechless technique using unmodulated transmissions. AIP ENR
Describe and interpret ground-air visual signal codes. AIP GEN
Describe the procedures for directing a surface craft to a distress incident. AIP GEN
State the procedures for the emergency activation of an ELT. AIP GEN
State the pilot action required following the inadvertent transmission of an ELT. AIP GEN
State the requirements for the operational testing of an ELT. AIP GEN,
State the procedures to be followed on receiving an ELT signal. AIP GEN